| Title | First author | Year | Method select | Sample (n) number | Key finding text | Relevance 1–5 | Risk of bias select | Verdict select | Note to self text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Spaced retrieval practice and long-term retention of pharmacology in second-year medical students | Okafor | 2024 | RCT | 312 | Spaced group retained 23% more at 6 months; effect held across baseline ability. | ★★★★★ | Low | Include | Anchor study for §2.3 |
| 2 | Flashcard app usage patterns and exam performance: a cohort study | Lindqvist | 2023 | Cohort | 1,084 | Daily use correlated with +0.31 SD exam score; self-selection not controlled. | ★★★★★ |
Some concerns
Low
Some concerns
High
Not assessed
|
Include | Ask supervisor re: confounding |
| 3 | Interleaving versus blocking in anatomy laboratory sessions | Marchetti | 2022 | Quasi-exp. | 96 | Interleaved practice slower during learning, better at delayed test (d = 0.42). | ★★★★★ | Some concerns | Include | |
| 4 | Student perceptions of spaced repetition software: a qualitative inquiry | Duarte | 2021 | Qualitative | 18 | Themes: guilt about missed reviews, deck overload, distrust of premade decks. | ★★★★★ | N/A | Maybe | Useful for discussion, not results |
| 5 | A meta-analysis of distributed practice in health professions education, 2005–2020 | Bhattacharya | 2021 | Meta-analysis | 4,410 | Pooled g = 0.48 (k = 27); high heterogeneity; publication bias suspected. | ★★★★★ | Low | Include | Cite in intro; check funnel plot |
| 6 | Does gamified review improve engagement? A randomized crossover trial | Novak | 2023 | RCT | 140 | Engagement up, retention unchanged at 8 weeks. | ★★★★★ | Some concerns | Exclude | Outcome not retention |
| 7 | Retrieval practice with clinical vignettes: effects on diagnostic reasoning | Haddad | 2024 | RCT | 208 | Vignette retrieval improved transfer to novel cases (+11%). | ★★★★★ | Low | Include | |
| 8 | Cramming, sleep and recall: a diary study during final examinations | Petrov | 2020 | Observational | 57 | Late-night cramming predicted lower next-day recall; small sample. | ★★★★★ | High | Maybe | Tangential |
| 9 | Optimal spacing intervals for factual knowledge: a large-scale online experiment | Sørensen | 2022 | Experiment | 12,930 | Expanding intervals ≈ fixed intervals; gap-to-test ratio ~10–20% optimal. | ★★★★★ | Low | Include | Figure 3 → reproduce |
| 10 | Premade versus self-authored flashcards in nursing pharmacology | Adeyemi | 2023 | Quasi-exp. | 122 | Self-authored cards: higher retention, 2× time cost. | ★★★★★ | Some concerns | Include | |
| 11 | Spacing effects in surgical skill acquisition: a systematic review | Kowalczyk | 2019 | Systematic review | — | Distributed practice sessions superior for psychomotor skills in 9/11 studies. | ★★★★★ | Low | Maybe | Skills, not knowledge — scope? |
| 12 | Adaptive scheduling algorithms compared: SM-2, FSRS and a Bayesian model | Reyes | 2024 | Simulation | — | FSRS reduced review load 20–30% at equal retention in simulation. | ★★★★★ | N/A | Maybe | No human data |
| 13 | Test-enhanced learning in a flipped physiology course | Gallagher | 2020 | Quasi-exp. | 233 | Weekly low-stakes quizzes raised final grades by 6 points. | ★★★★★ | Some concerns | Include | |
| 14 | Long-term follow-up of a spaced-education intervention for residents | Yamamoto | 2018 | RCT | 76 | — empty — | ★★★★★ | — | — | Not read yet |
Showing 14 of 24 rows (filtered). Values are stored in each item's Extra field as lm.method: RCT — they sync with your Zotero account and are plain text if you uninstall. | ||||||||||
| Title | Creator | Year | Method | Relevance | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A meta-analysis of distributed practice in health professions education… | Bhattacharya et al. | 2021 | Meta-analysis | ★★★★★ | Include |
| Adaptive scheduling algorithms compared: SM-2, FSRS and a Bayesian model | Reyes and Ortiz | 2024 | Simulation | ★★★★★ | Maybe |
| Cramming, sleep and recall: a diary study during final examinations | Petrov | 2020 | Observational | ★★★★★ | Maybe |
| Does gamified review improve engagement? A randomized crossover trial | Novak et al. | 2023 | RCT | ★★★★★ | Exclude |
| Flashcard app usage patterns and exam performance: a cohort study | Lindqvist et al. | 2023 | Cohort | ★★★★★ | Include |
| Interleaving versus blocking in anatomy laboratory sessions | Marchetti and Bell | 2022 | Quasi-exp. | ★★★★★ | Include |
| Optimal spacing intervals for factual knowledge: a large-scale online experiment | Sørensen et al. | 2022 | Experiment | ★★★★★ | Include |
| Premade versus self-authored flashcards in nursing pharmacology | Adeyemi | 2023 | Quasi-exp. | ★★★★★ | Include |
| Retrieval practice with clinical vignettes: effects on diagnostic reasoning | Haddad et al. | 2024 | RCT | ★★★★★ | Include |
| Spaced retrieval practice and long-term retention of pharmacology… | Okafor et al. | 2024 | RCT | ★★★★★ | Include |